The theme of the short story Young Goodman Brown by Nathaniel Essay

The theme of the short story Young Goodman Brown by Nathaniel Hawthorne - Essay Example Usually, this kind of negative response did have a deadly result on the disrespected woman. It has been noted that the stories that were penned down before 1842 had a female character that was destroyed only by accident and not by intention alone. The story has shown the transformation of a man from his normal state to that of an abnormal one where he abandoned meeting with anyone and then in the end coming back to his life and restoring normal relationships with all that were important to him and more than that, his wife. A number of authors have made note of the fact that Browns departure from faith and reliance was not an act on purpose since Brown actually planned on returning to her after the forest trip. But there is a belief that the very act of the man leaving the woman shows the males indifference to the security related with their females. Thus it is viewed as the women are in reality viewed as somewhat a kind of sexual beings and men as sexually frozen pieces. The mans lack of sexual desire is what has been truly killing the woman of late and it basically allows for the man to continue living in a hollow life. This is true that this does not necessarily mean the real nature of women but about the way in which men imagine of them. Hawthornes men are obsessed with females but the only way they can make any connection with women is through fantasy or by performing some fantasy-related activities that are not considered appropriate by the female populace. The family ties play a huge role here as husband and wife are considered as the two wheels of a car, the car being the home in this point. These two have to gel together emotionally as well as physically in order to make their individual lives easy and the people who are attached with them within the household. Family ties definitely help the Young Goodman Brown as the writer has suggested that in the long run, it is the family which plays its due

Compare and contrast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 9

Compare and contrast - Essay Example For the third paragraph, it talks about the comparison and contrast of the form. The form is the description of what can be seen in the painting such as the color, geometric forms, lines, contrast of dark and light colors. It talks more on the appearance of whatever that can be seen within the artwork. For the last paragraph, it talks about the feeling of the writer about the paintings. The painting entitled â€Å"The Last Supper† was originally painted in the 15th century by Leonardo da Vinci during the Renaissance period. It is a piece of artwork painted directly on a wall in Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan with a measurement of 450 by 870 centimeters or 15 feet by 29 feet. Leonardo da Vinci painted the mural on a dry wall which means that it is not a true fresco. He sealed the stone wall with a layer of pitch, gesso and mastic then paint onto the sealing layer with tempera or in a permanent fast-drying painting medium consisting of colored pigment mixed with a water-soluble binder medium. In the year 1518 to 1594, Jacobo Tintoretto painted his own version of â€Å"The Last Supper† in San Giorgo Maggiore, Venice. He painted on oil on canvass with a measurement of 12 feet by 18 feet, 8 inches. The paintings painted by da Vinci and Tintoretto are a group of people in a room particularly Jesus Christ and his twelve disciples. In Tintoretto’s painting there are other people that can be seen such as the servers and many flying images on the both sides of the top but in da Vinci’s painting only the portraits of Jesus and his disciples or apostles. Both of the paintings portray the reaction shown by each apostle when Jesus said that one of them would betray him. The effect of his words leads them to a visible response. All of the twelve apostles have different reactions to the news, with different levels of anger and shock. In da Vinci’s painting, he grouped the apostles into four groups of three united by their posture and gesture, with Jesus in

Television And American Society Essay Example for Free

Television And American Society Essay Introduction Television Programs are aimed at entertainment. In the United States, most of the television programs in existence with the stated aims and objectives, owe their initial background to the practical situation and past experiences encountered by the blacks. When blacks are mentioned, the issue of racial discrimination automatically opens chapter.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The initial situation and experiences of the blacks is characterized by racial discrimination.   The initial social positions, the blacks were housemaids, whites’ cooks, whites’ â€Å"mammies† and other sorts of servants.    They were also seen as con artists and even deadbeats.  Ã‚  Ã‚   The technology of the televisions came up in some environment, which was completely unfamiliar to these blacks. The blacks occupied less inferior positions of baby sitters and nurturers for the white, to cater and manage the households of the whites and to the greater degree, restoration of balance and harmony in the house holds of the whites.   The whites were very comfortable to entrust the black on these roles.   However, more responsible social and civic responsibilities were denied the blacks by the whites. (Durham Kellner, 450) The blacks had an appreciated talent to amuse the whites through humor and this is the most significant tool to their success in the maintenance of humor in television programs. The black and the Whites occupied separate and unequal worlds in their existence, in terms of material and discursive attributes. Television programs and Blackness The programs aimed at entertainment in the United States are a good avenue to pass the information on intertextual and autobiographical issues of the blacks. (Durham Kellner, 452)   The blacks possesses an inherent talent of creating humor in a show whose amusement is so strong as to blind the culturally offensive message put across by the show.   The show exhibing blackness covers the institutional and cultural programs all of which are characterized by race and gender. The centre of interest in these television programs is the African American in all areas of its setting; aesthetic, context and narrative.   (Newcomb, 564)   The highlights of the entertainment programs usually attack fields such as class, gender, religion, colour and culture all visionalized, in the dominant angel of social location and cultural context to the African American (Williams, 110) The television program raises an attitude of hegemony whereby social and cultural forces emerge as influencing factors of political rule and domination.   Through these television entertainment programs, the actors make use of their physical and material resources, very inherent and talented towards an entertainment to others.   The recipient society interprets the presentation as an art, an entertainment or leisure. These people see the natural world as being internal to them and also in direct personal relationships with other people they encounter.   (Williams, 112) According to hegemony dominant messages inherent in African Americans are disguised as fictional entertainment in the United States.   These are a great assumption taken with respect to this scenario that the sender and the receiver interpret the message of the program in the same understanding.   The sender is making use of the inherent talent of humor and experience to come up with a message whose consequences are of political concern, since the control of these messages is a form of political control.   The audience of the program may come up with multiple meanings of the message that were not a priory.   Examined, controlled for or asked for (Newcomb, 565)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The television programs are a form of ritual communication whose aim and goal is to maintain the society and to represent the shared beliefs of the society.   The programs create an invisibility of the African American and an authorized representation by the white of the blackness. The television programs portray blackness and black themes for the purposes of entertainment to the whites due to the humorous attribute associated with the Africans.   The white producers take this advantage of audience appreciation and they stage the African humor at the expense of blacks.   The black Americans are left suffering out of the social problems confronting them.   The humor in the programs is out of the programs highlights of racism and sexism, which have got great social impact and cultural meaning to the audience. (Williams, 110) The programs present blacks playing subservient roles in the society and stereotyping the blacks while still the humor out these is enjoyed.   In first instances amusement created by the program blinds the offensive side.   Cultural and racial politics in the programs is the cause of humor to the whites.   The programs cores are further unfair to the African Americans by considering just as minor and a coincidental theme of the play, the social and the cultural facts of â€Å"blackness† It is the responsibility of every means of communication to uplift the ethical and moral standards of the society.   This target is practically defeated by the television programs aimed at entertaining the audience as part of leisure.   The televisions present programs, which highlight the use of drugs. Involvement in sex, acts of rebellion and extreme deviance behavior of the individuals. These issues are humorous and attract the audience but the far reaching consequences are towards the lowering of the ethical and moral standards of the society.   The programs also exhibit a sense of upward social mobility of the blacks and the replacement of black urban poverty with middle class affluence and yet retain the humor of the audience.   (Newcomb, 568)   Conflicts as age and suspicion based on race and colour are associated to the central elements of the contemporary America way of life by the programs.   This portrays the life of Americans to be a type of middle class family life (Newcomb, 569) The Americans are making all efforts to fight all form of racial and class discrimination.   The Americans are also determined to fight gender discrimination in terms of sex and age.   The social ills of drug abuse sexual abuse, deviance and rebellion are also practically out of the Americans policies.   However the television programs structure and viewpoint are contributing factors to defeat these aims and objectives. They portray to the world what is the position of African Americans, which is not a part of the modern American society.   The views and perspectives of these programs highlight the social locations and experiences subjected to the African Americans.   The program highlight situation comedy, variety, talks among others, which in totality operate vividly, and comfortably within the conventional and aesthetic boundaries of African Americans. (Newcomb, 570)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Morality issues circumvent around racism and this is a representation of the blacks in the society as per the television programs in the United States.   The television programs also features badly on the state of education and unemployment as negatively affecting the African Americans in the urban areas of the United States.   The programs also fail to address some very crucial issues that affect so many blacks in the United States. The audiences are not restricted to the programs representation of the African Americans and therefore they should be examined and their effects of derailing the meanings and pleasures correctly checked. The blacks’ presence in the United States is threatened with race, gender, class and power and inequalities related to these are a result of prejudice. (Newcomb, 571) Racial invisibility and colour blindness integrate Black characters into hegemonic white worlds.   This appeal to visions of colour blindness and universal harmony.   The uniqueness of the blacks in the shows is the appealing factor to create humor and a sense of fitness in a normative television universe.   The inherent victimization, anger and irrationality in the blacks at the shows, due to the pains of exclusion from society are a cause of humor to the audience.   This in the truest sense is racial prejudice.   (Durham Kellner, 447)   In the programs the whites acts the position of sympathizers for the elimination of this prejudice. The programs subvert American values bearing in mind that the effect of any communication is to persuade the audience to change attitudes, to modify behaviour and to take part in socialization. Any form of communication helps to maintain the values of a society and to represent the shared beliefs. These programs are responsible for production of dominant ideologies so influential as to take the audience into a dreamland. (Williams, 110) Conclusion The programs bring out the blacks as living simple and linearly dimensional lives in a segregated universe.   They are seen to be subjected to the challenges of domestic lives such as child rearing, embarrassments, and awkward situations among others.   Modern America is reduced to ancient behaviours of race relationships characterized by conflict, tension and apartheid and the African Americans dependent on cultural pluralism.   These programs make use of cultural politics within blackness to constantly modify the African Americans life, and comprehensively explain the position of an American from the point of view of an African American. Works cited page Horace Newcomb. Television the critical view. Oxford University press, New York Oxford. 2000. Meenakshi Gigi Durham,   Douglas M. Kellner. Media and Cultural Studies. Blackwell publishers.2001 Raymond Williams. Marxism and Literature. Oxford University press New York. 1997

Chaotic Curiosity or Curios Chaos

Chaotic Curiosity or Curios Chaos Abhishek Tiwari The word science comes from â€Å"scientia†, Latin word for knowledge. Webster’s dictionary defines science as â€Å"the knowledge covering the general truths of the operations of general laws, especially as obtained and tested through the scientific method and concerned with the physical world†. In a layman’s interpretation science is a systematic way to obtain the knowledge about the mystifying secrets of Mother Nature by few known facts, observations, and few approximate estimations. New theories and laws in science are proposed by using two points- 1) repetition or reproducibility of the data, and 2) computational simulation. But what happens if these fundamental rules are not followed in a system? As they say, exceptions to rules form new rules, these infringing systems fall into the category of â€Å"Chaotic systems†. Chaotic systems are those in which the distant results are practically unknowable. The Theory of Chaos rules this domain of sci ence. Today chaos theory is a field of study in mathematics with several applications in the fields of biology, cosmology, economics, engineering, meteorology, and physics. It talks about deterministic dynamic systems which are not just highly but infinitely sensitive to the initial conditions. Under such circumstances even with a fraction of difference in the initial stages would yield into complete different outcomes every time the process is started hence defying the first basic rule in experimentation. Every technology is built with its own error, limitations and approximation, and therefore computer simulation of such a dynamic system to know about its fate at certain point in space-time would either require a huge amount of initially defined components or a long time calculations which would still differ with the actual outcome. In other words the deterministic nature of such dynamic systems may not help in determining their future. Meteorologist Edward Lorenz was the first pe rson to talk about chaotic systems. He summarized this theory as, â€Å"when the present determines the future, but the approximate present does not approximately determines the future†. In 1972 Edward Lorenz wrote a paper titled as â€Å"Predictability: Does the flap of a butterfly’s wings in Brazil set off a tornado in Texas?† on the theory of Chaos. Edward Lorenz accidentally came across this topic while doing his work on weather forecast. Using a simple computer of his time, he was running a weather simulation. However due to time constraints he started his work mid way and to his astonishment he got a completely diverted results from the previous output. He concluded that the difference was generated due to the rounding-off of the numbers in the input. The consensus of the difference should practically have no effect on the immediate prediction but in a long run produced a significant difference. The word chaos is generally taken as complete disarray is a misnomer for this theory. The chaotic systems are not cluttered but are disciplined to an extent. Like we know for sure that the moon would not collide with earth in few weeks but the prediction remains uncertain for a longer time period. Similarly weather forecasts are known most accurately about a week before. Therefore chaotic systems are predictable for a while but later on with time it becomes random. The effectiveness of our prediction can be determined by following factors:- The extent of randomness acceptable The accuracy in defining the present state of the system The relative time scale (called Lyapunov time). In the hunt for defining the accurate state of the system the information increases tremendously and the uncertainty in the forecast increases exponentially over the time, thereby rendering distant forecasts meaningless. The state of the system is defined by a set number of points which tends to be accurate in describing it, but each one of it having a different fate over long duration. Thus, for a reason, chaotic systems are practically not possible in Euclidian Geometry. In 1982, Benoit Mandelbrot Published â€Å"The Fractal Geometry of Nature † in which he argues that a twine ball when observed from a far distance looks like a point, from fair distance like a ball and from close like a curved strand. He argued that the appearance of an object is dependent upon the observer and they can be fractional. The book became one of the classics for the â€Å"chaologists† as some of them called themselves. A double rod pendulum is the easiest example of a chaotic system. It f ollows the general rule and also oscillates almost in the same pattern as the pendulum but with time there arises difference of fractals which causes a large deviation. The slight initial conditions causes complete different trajectory. The Theory of chaos very soon became a law governing many interdisciplinary subjects. The field of biology has great implications as the understanding of the nervous system, and the circulatory system, are proved to fit a fractal model. Biological evolution, eye tracking disorder in schizophrenics can also be explained in mathematical form using the chaos model. The natural phenomena like earthquakes, its intensities and its distribution became easier to explain with the model of fractals. More researches can be done on such knowledge to explore the darkest realms of reality. Another such phenomena which is not completely explored by the present knowledge of science due to some limits is the Theory of Black Hole. Elbert Einstein proposed the existence of such phenomena years before astronomers actually spotted one. According to Einstein one of the fate of a giant size star is that when its nuclear fuel exhausts the force of gravity starts pulling in the mass around it. The star becomes as tiny as possible and the star becomes highly dense. When the size of the star reduces the gravitational pull increases square times and when the size decreases to such an extent that to escape from the field of gravitational influence one would need to attain the speed of light; a black hole is born. The radius at such stage is called as the event horizon. The point when black hole is formed, scientist believes that at the centre the space-time phenomenon is destroyed. It is also called the ideal black body, as it reflects no light. The idea of such a massive body from which no matter can escape was put forth by John Michell in 1783. Earlier in times, such massive objects were not seen of any importance or rather a fancy sci-fi stuffs because scientists failed to understand how gravity would affect a mass-less wave such as light. All the black holes have mass, some have angular momentum and also electric charge. Black holes are classified on the basis of their masses and independent of the other two properties. They are, namely, supermassive black holes (~400A.U), intermediate mass black hole (~1000km), stellar black hole (~30km), and micro black hole (~0.1mm). The size of the black hole is determined by the radius of the event horizon. A particle can move randomly in space when it is away from the black hole. As the particle nears the black hole more paths lead it towards event horizon and less paths away from it. Once inside event horizon the particle has only one path and that is towards the centre where the mass is concentrated. It is then no longer possible for that particle to escape. Event horizon gets its name because any event occurring inside that boundary cannot reach outside observer by any means thus making one impaired to notice if such event took place. Another phenomena that takes place to an object nearing the black hole is that the time slows down. To an observer falling into the black hole the clock ticks normally but to a distant observer the time difference is significant. This phenomena is called Gravitational time dilation and was first proposed by Elbert Einstein in his theory of Relativity. Consequently experiments were carried out and it was found that atomic clocks placed at different altitudes that caused them to experience different gravitational pull differed in nanoseconds. The difference in the time between a clock on the surface of the earth and the satellite revolving around it is significantly different making it compulsion to correct the global positioni ng system’s clock after equal intervals. The Gravitational Time dilation was wonderfully showed in the 2014 Hollywood blockbuster Interstellar. With the clock slowing down from a free falling object into the black hole the light emitted or reflected by this object changes to red. This is known as the gravitational red shift or Einstein’s shift. This primarily happens because the frequency of the light wave is slowed down by the gravitational pull of the black hole changing the color to red. Red shift is denoted by dimensionless variable (z). , Where, ÃŽ »o stands for wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation recorded by the observer, ÃŽ »e stands for the wavelength of the radiation at the source of emission. Thus red shift can be defined as the fractional change in the wavelength of the emitted radiation. There is a corresponding phenomenon to red shift known as blue shift and it occurs when some object is pulled towards a stronger gravitational pull from an area of weak gravity. However the observer free falling into the black hole does not realize these changes. Basically this means that the observer does not realize when he entered the event horizon. As per one theory when the person reaches the point of singularity i.e. the centre of the black hole where the space-time graph extends to infinity, they are crushed to infinite density and its mass is added to the mass of the black hole. Just before reaching the point of singularity the object is torn apart by the tidal forces which is often called as â€Å"spaghettification†. However this can be avoided in a charged black hole or reissner-nordstrom black hole. It is hypothetically said that the black hole takes the object to another space-time by acting as a wormhole. Since no information can be transmitted out of the event ho rizon, knowing exactly of what takes place inside is impossible and hence the mystery is still unsolved The gas falling into a gravitational well will form a disc like structure due to the conservation of angular momentum. Friction caused within this formation should heat up the gases and they would start radiating x-rays. This is known to happen around neutron stars and white dwarfs. It is called accretion of mass. It is the most efficient way of producing large amounts of energy still known about 40% as compared to nuclear fusion generating 0.7% of mass as energy. It is now accepted that the centre of every galaxy contains a supermassive black hole. The evidence of this can be the motion of stars around the centre of any galaxy. Astronomers are studying a region call Sagittarius A from the year 1995. They found that there is about 4.3 million solar mass contained in a radius of less than 0.002 light years. This mass-distance ratio is 3000 times more than the mass-distance ratio of event horizon. It is therefore conclusive that the centre homes a supermassive black hole and nothing el se like a star cluster. Stephen Hawking, in 1974, proposed that the black holes might release some radiation. These radiations are hypothetical and are called Hawking radiations. It is suggested that if black holes emit radiations they may shrink. To this, Hawking suggested that the microwave radiation entering the black hole has far more energy in comparison to the energy emitted. In 1970’s he proposed that the total area of a black hole can never decrease even if two of them collide and merge. This became the second law of black hole mechanics and has striking similarity to second law of thermodynamics which states that the entropy of universe continues to increase. As per the old thinking it was considered that the black holes having absolute zero temperature had zero entropy. If this was the case then the second law of thermodynamics would be violated and the entropy of the universe would decrease. Therefore, Bekenstein along with Hawking formulated the entropy of a black hole as follows:- Where, Entropy = S; speed of light = c; Area of black hole = A ; Newton’s constant = G; Boltzmann constant = k; and reduced Plank constant = H. One striking thing to be noticed in the equation is that the entropy is related to the area of the black hole and not its volume which is rather the case in normal entropy calculation. With many such theories put forth by the great minds the human knowledge has greatly increased. Not just that the knowledge but also the interpretation of the universe around us has greatly changed. From discovering the way to measure time to discussing about its deviation with gravity and from the time when we placed earth in the centre of universe till proving the big bang theory not just the technology has evolved but also the way of living life on the planet and knowing how greatly we affect the surroundings has been brought to daily prospects. Can this evolution or the progress of human mind be infinite? Will someday religion be taken over by pure and fundamental science? Will human evolve as the creator and destroyer of the universe? What will happen then? Among these few questions are unknown and few are unknowable which will be revealed in the course of time. But one thing is assured that the curiosity in the human brain will keep driving it to discover the perplexity of the world around him. This will eventually help science to progress in every possible dimension. The counter side to the above promises is far bigger, which justifies the fact that humans have to face limitations, some created by their own laws and some by the nature. Everything that humans make has its own errors, and it is well known that nature does not work on approximations. The point where humans cannot visualize and the power to understand gives up is the region where religion rules. May be one day science will enable mankind to have super powers or may be one day humans will succumb to the super powers of the Mother Nature.

Crocs Value Chain Essay -- Business, Manufacturing, Footwear

Crocs Value Chain Crocs entered the shoe market with a new style of brightly colored footwear. Crocs designed and manufactured footwear for all age groups. Utilizing an innovative value chain supported the phenomenal growth of the company. This paper will discuss the company’s leadership, flexible supply chain and product diversification and how these aspects contribute to the overall value chain of the company. The Beginning Crocs began in 2002 by introducing a revolutionary boat shoe. The shoes became successful very quickly and the company founders decided to work with an old friend, Ronald Snyder, who had experience in manufacturing, purchasing companies, and merging the purchased companies (Crocs: Revolutionizing, 2007). One of Snyder’s initial decisions was to buyout the Canadian shoe manufacturer, Finproject NA. Completing this purchase allowed Crocs to control the proprietary material for the shoes. By owning the raw material to manufacture the shoes, Crocs controlled the initial step of the value chain. Once Crocs owned the formula for the shoe resin, the company used this to select contract manufacturers for making the shoes. Crocs were now manufacturing shoes in the original Canada plant as well as a Chinese manufacturing facility. Once the facility in China was established Crocs entered the foreign market. After entering the markets in Asia and China Crocs extended capacity with new contract manufacturers in Florida, Mexico, and Italy (Crocs: Revolutionizing, 2007). The addition of these sites provided a global supply chain which lowered costs and ensured value to consumers (Marks, 2008). A new supply vision The creative supply chain used by Crocs meant the manufacturers of the footwear had to... ...ears, the Crocs model has not proven as effective. Crocs has changed the strategy to accommodation the lower product volumes (Gonzales, 2009). Crocs should evaluate their organizational processes. Some of the processes once utilized by Crocs are no longer as effective. Management must work towards better demand forecasting, collaborating with value chain members, and how to best evaluate performance (Robbins and Coulter, 2009). By integrating all three of these items Crocs will adjust the value chain to support continued success. Finally, Crocs must have enough forward thought to sustain market changes and utilize feedforward control to prevent future problems. The leadership, flexible supply chain and diversification discussed here can still be employed for long term success as long as Crocs is willing to continuously evaluate the current value chain.

J. R. R. Tolkien Essay -- essays research papers

Three Rings for the Elven-Kings under the sky, Seven for the dwarf lords in their halls of stone, Nine for mortal men doomed to die, One for the Dark Lord in his dark throne. In the Land or Mordor where the shadow lies. One Ring to rule them all, One ring to find them, One ring to bring them all and in the darkness bind them. In the land of Mordor where the shadows lie†¦ (J.R.R. Tolkien, Rings)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  These are the most famous recognized lines in The Lord of the Rings, J.R.R. Tolkiens’ masterpiece. Strong, tall men, fun party loving hobbits, pointy eared elves, short, plump dwarves and slimy, icky, putrid orcs are just a few of the races in Lord of the Rings. (J.R.R. Tolkien, Rings)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This is only a small sample of the information that J.R.R. Tolkien put into his books. Not to mention songs, maps, and plenty more background information. Tolkien created a whole new world for readers with his books. Why did J.R.R. Tolkien have such an interesting life and where did all of his information come from?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It all began when Arthur Reuel Tolkien and Mabel Suffield had their first-born son on January 3, 1982 in Bloemfontein, South Africa. (Darryl Friesen, Early) Tolkien’s early years and barely even memorable ones were spent divided between the city and a country farm. During this time, at school, Tolkien was bitten by a huge tarantula, which would later influence one of his stories in Lord of the Rings. (W.J. Rayment, A Bio)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On February 15th, 1896, Tolkien left South Africa with his mother and younger brother, Hilary to return to England. His father however was also suppose to return to England with them within the next few months, but while he waited in South Africa he caught rheumatic fever and soon died. This left the grieving family with a very limited income. (W. J. Rayment, A Bio)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  By now Tolkien was showing great interest in languages and had developed remarkable skills with them. He had already mastered Latin and Greek, and was already making up languages on his own. So, naturally, when Tolkien and his family reached Birmingham, England his mother paid for Tolkien to attend King Edward VI School. (David McDonald, Bio Sketch)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1900, Tolkiens’ mother, along with her sister May were received in... ... that Tolkien had to change his address, telephone number, and eventually had to move to Bournmouth at a South Coast Resort. In 1955, The Return of the King, the final book of The Lord of the Rings was published.( Darryl Friesen, Timeline)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With his major book out of the way, Tolkien decided to retire from Oxford and looked back toward his wife. For the next few years Tolkien would work on his liturature and live with his wife peacefully. On November 29th, 1971 Tolkien lost his wife and soon returned to Oxford shortly after. On September 2, 1973, Tolkien died at the age of 81 from an pneumonia at a private hospitol in Bournemouth. (Darryl Friesen, Post)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tolkiens’ books still live on even after his death. In 1977, The Simarillion was published with the help of Tolkien’s son, Christopher. The Hobbit is recommended of most lists of childrens’ books. On December 19th, 2001, New Line Cinema released a live action movie of The Fellowship of the Ring earning a whopping 95.3 million in its first week. The Two Towers was released in December 2002 and The Return of the King will be released in December 2003. (Darryl Friesen, After)

Sample-Formal-Lab Report

TENS 2146 Electric Devices and Measurements Lab 3 Current and Voltage This report was prepared by: L. Wall Fall 2009 Prof. R. Alba-Flores Team Members: J. White, L. Wall Conducted on: September 17, 2009 Submitted on : September 24, 2009 Abstract: In this lab students experimented with light emitting diodes. The student built a basic circuit with two LED's and resistors in parallel. The results showed that the voltage is the same in parallel. The items that were in series had the same current.The results also showed that the current from each branch could be summed up to equal the total current from the source. The experiment also helped the student to see the voltage drop across the diode was almost the same each time. This lab showed the effects of current and voltage in a parallel circuit. This experiment also showed how the brightness was effected by changing the voltage. Equipment and materials: †¢ Multimeter †¢ Power Supply †¢ Connecting wires †¢ A bread boar d †¢ A 330 ohm resistor †¢ A l k ohm resistor †¢ 2 Red LED's Theory: A light-emitting diode (LED), is an electronic light source.The first LED was built in the 1925 by Oleg Vladimirovich Losev, a radio technician who noticed that diodes used in radio receivers emitted light when current was passed through them. The LED was introduced as a practical electronic component in 1962. All early devices emitted low-intensity red light, but modern LEDs are available across the visible, ultraviolet and infra red wavelengths, with very high brightness. [1] Figure 1. Basics Physics principle of an LED LED's are semiconductors. They will only work if placed in the correct direction.Placing the LED in the improper direction could potentially damage it. The LED could also be damaged if it was not installed with the use of a resistor. They can not be connected directly to a power source. The anode is the positive end and the cathode is the negative end. LEDs are beneficial because th ey do not require much voltage to be illuminated. The LEDs are great for conservation of energy . When we subtract the LED voltage from the supply voltage it gives you the voltage that must be dropped by the dropping resistor. A decrease in voltage will result in a decrease of the brightness of the bulb [1].Figure 2 shows the electrical symbol and the actual shape of an LED. Figure 2. Electrical symbol and the actual shape of an LED Ohms law is used to be able to calculate the current and the resistance across each of the elements in the circuit. To analyze the circuit It must be known that the voltage is the same in a parallel circuit. The current is the same in a series. The current through each branch can be added up in order to determine the current from the source. From Kirchhoff's loop law it can be determined that the sum of all of the voltage drops around a closed loop must sum to equal zero.The objective of this lab was for the student to use their knowledge of items such a s LED's, series and parallel circuit configurations, Kirchhoff's laws, and Ohm's law in order to properly analyze and solve problems with given circuit. [1] Light Emitting Diodes, http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode Procedure: First thing we did in the lab was to create the circuit. We created the circuit by using resistors with values of Rl = 330 ohms and R2 = l k ohms and also by placing the LEDs after the Resistors so there would be no damage done to the LEDs.This s shown in figure 3. The voltage supply was set at 8 Volts and then we tested the values for voltage and current. To measure voltage the meter has to be in Parallel with the circuit. Current is measured by placing the Multimeter in series with the circuit. In preparation for the experiment we built the circuit (shown below) using Multisim. We used simulations to get all the required measurements and used Ohm's Law (E=I*R) to solve for the rest. In the lab we set up the same circuit by connecting the resi stors and the LED's in a parallel circuit to the power supply.Most of the connections were done using the breadboard. We measured current by placing the Multimeter in series with the entire circuit. We set the Multimeter to measure amperes and turned the power on. We continued this using the 8, 6, 4, and 2 volts (adjusted on the power supply) while noting the brightness of the LED's and writing down the value given by the Multimeter. We then connected the Multimeter in parallel with each resistor and LED's to measure voltage. We set the multimeter to volts then cycled through 8, 6, 4, and 2 volts on the power supply and noted the reading for each connection.We then used Ohm's Law to calculate the current through as well as the resistance for each LED. We also calculated the entire current to see if it matched what we measured. Figure 3 Circuit built in the lab Sample Calculations: To calculate the current through each resistor-LED branch, Ohm's Law (V = IR) was used. In this Lab the equation used was I Rl = VRl / R 1 Example: IRl = VRl / R1 = 5. 8 V / 3300 ? = 0. 0176 A To calculate the total resistance of each LED, Ohm's Law was used. In this lab the equation RLED = V LED / ILED was used. Example:RLED = V LED / ILED = 2. 18 v /0 . 0175 mA = 124. 57 ? To calculate the total current that the power supply was providing to the two branches, the equation IE = IRl + IR2 was used. In this lab the equation that was given to use was ILEDl = IRl . Example: I LEDl + I LED2 = IE .0175 + . 0058 = . 0233 Simulation Results: Multisim was used to perform the simulations. Figures 4, 5, 6 and 7 shown the results obtained in the simulations. Table 1 summarizes these results. Figure 4. Power supply= 8 volts: Voltages measured across R1 and R2 and currents through each LEDFigure 5 . Power supply= 6 volts: Voltages measured across R1 and R2 and currents through each LED Figure 6. Power supply= 4 volts: Voltages measured across R1 and R2 and currents through each LED Figure 7. Powe r supply= 2 volts: Voltages measured across R1 and R2 and currents through each LED Table 1. Comparison of Pre-Lab simulations and actual Lab data Looking at the comparison chart above we can see that the voltage and the total current was close in value when looking at the Pre-Lab and the Actual Lab.The actual Multisim simulation charts are printed and attached to this lab report. Looking at the comparison chart above we can see that the voltage and the total current was close in value when looking at the Pre-Lab and the Actual Lab. The actual Multisim simulation charts are printed and attached to this lab report. Conclusion: In conclusion when simulating the circuit in actuality or in Multisim; the LED voltage, current, and brightness are affected by the decreasing of the voltage supply. By decreasing the voltage supply the brightness of the LEDs also decrease in intensity.When determining the factors that are involved in the brightness of the LED we must look at the circuit and se e if the resistors and the LEDs are connected properly. We must also look at the value of the current passing through the current. To determine the current through the LEDs Ohm's Law was applied. To find the current we must first measure the voltage and the resistance, and then after finding those two values we divide the voltage by the resistance. Which Ohm's Law is I (current) = V (voltage) / R (resistance).After finding the current in the LED it is seen that the current is almost equal to the resistor that is closes to that LED. I am in agreement with the measurement that was taken for the voltage supply of 8 volts, 6 volts, and 4 volts; but I disagree with the values for the voltage supply of 2 volts. The measurement collected in Multisim fo and the actual measurement value more that the other voltage supply ranges. When the LEDs were reversed the resistor and the LED current and their voltages changed to O or ‘r' due to there was zero or no flow of current and voltage.The voltage is what supply energy to the components in the circuit. So decreasing the amount of voltage will decrease the amount of energy current, and the amount of current is what determines the intensity of the LED. The pre-lab seemed to simulate more accurate values than the results of the values in Table 1. Due to the fact that there is more human value in the actual measurements than the simulated ones; plus the actual values have been round and round again. The simulated and actual values are very close in value; but do to human error the values are not and can not be exactly the same.